Earth’s Slowing Inner Core: Unraveling the Mystery

Overview of the Earth's Core:-

Before moving ahead, it's crucial to understand some basic facts about the Earth's core to appreciate the significance of this phenomenon. The Earth's core is a vital part of the planet's structure, playing a key role in shaping the magnetic field and driving geological activity. Recent research has uncovered fascinating insights about the core’s rotation, revealing that its speed has significantly slowed down. This finding has far-reaching implications for our understanding of Earth's internal processes and its magnetic field. The Earth's core is located beneath the mantle and is divided into two parts: the solid inner core and the liquid outer core. Both layers are mostly made up of iron and nickel but differ in their physical states and properties. The inner core is a solid sphere with a radius of about 1,220 kilometers, composed primarily of iron with traces of nickel and other elements. Its temperature reaches an estimated 5,400 degrees Celsius, similar to the surface of the Sun. Despite this intense heat, the immense pressure from Earth's layers keeps the inner core in a solid state. Surrounding the inner core is the liquid outer core, which lies between 2,900 and 5,150 kilometers below the surface. Unlike the inner core, the outer core remains in a molten state due to lower pressure. The movement of liquid iron in this layer generates electric currents, creating Earth's magnetic field through a process called the Geodynamo Effect.

 

The rotation of the Earth's core is a crucial factor in its geophysical behavior. The inner core is believed to rotate at a different speed compared to the Earth's mantle and crust, a phenomenon known as differential rotation. This difference in rotation speeds is driven by the interactions between the Earth's gravitational field, electromagnetic forces, and the fluid dynamics of the outer core. The inner core's rotation is directly linked to the generation and maintenance of the Earth's magnetic field. As liquid iron moves and flows in the outer core, it creates electric currents, which in turn generate a magnetic field. The differential rotation of the inner core can affect these currents, influencing the strength and stability of the magnetic field.

A recent study by the University of Southern California (USC) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences uncovered an fascinating discovery which is our the main topic of my article: the rotation speed of the Earth's inner core is slowing down. The research, published on 8 July 2024, used seismic wave data from earthquakes between 1991 and 2023 to track changes in the inner core's rotation. The findings showed that since 2010, the inner core's rotation has been decelerating. And in 2024, it became clear that the inner core was rotating more slowly than the Earth's mantle and crust. These results challenge previous models and theories, suggesting a more complex dynamic than previously thought. The study also observed significant changes in the travel times and waveforms of seismic waves, pointing to a marked reduction in the rotation speed of the inner core. This discovery not only provides new way of thinking into the Earth's internal workings but also raises important questions about the mechanisms behind these changes and their broader implications. This could have consequences that we will discuss further in this article.

 

Why Changes Happen in Rotation:-

While we currently dont have a clear-cut answer for that but this phenomenon can be driven by many factors, I discuss some of them :-

Gravitational Coupling and Mantle Dynamics:-

One of the primary factors influencing the rotation of the Earth's inner core is the gravitational interaction between the core and the mantle. This coupling occurs because the mantle and the core are not perfectly aligned, and any mass redistribution within the mantle, such as those caused by tectonic activities or mantle convection, can alter the gravitational balance. This imbalance creates forces that can either accelerate or decelerate the rotation of the inner core. Mantle convection, which is the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface, plays a significant role here. Variations in mantle convection can change the distribution of mass in the mantle, subsequently affecting the gravitational forces acting on the inner core. For instance, large-scale tectonic events, like the subduction of oceanic plates or the formation of mountain ranges, can lead to significant shifts in mass distribution, thereby impacting the inner core's rotation.

 Electromagnetic Forces and Outer Core Dynamics:-

The interaction between the liquid outer core and the solid inner core involves complex electromagnetic forces. The outer core's molten iron generates electric currents as it moves, and these currents produce magnetic fields. This process, known as the geodynamo, is responsible for maintaining the Earth's magnetic field.
Changes in the flow patterns of the outer core can influence these electromagnetic forces. For example, variations in temperature and composition within the outer core can alter the flow dynamics, which in turn affects the magnetic field and the forces exerted on the inner core. If the outer core's flow becomes more turbulent or changes direction, it can lead to variations in the rotational speed of the inner core.
 

Thermal and Compositional Convection:-

The Earth's core undergoes thermal convection due to the heat generated by radioactive decay and residual heat from the planet's formation. In addition to thermal convection, compositional convection occurs as lighter elements separate from the solidifying inner core and mix into the outer core. These convective processes create forces that can influence the rotation of the inner core.
Thermal convection involves the transfer of heat from the hotter inner core to the cooler outer core. As heat is transferred, it causes the molten iron in the outer core to move, creating convective currents. These currents generate forces that can either speed up or slow down the inner core's rotation. Similarly, compositional convection, driven by the differentiation of elements within the core, can also create forces that impact the inner core's rotational dynamics.

Tidal Forces:-

The gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun exerts tidal forces on the Earth, affecting its shape and internal dynamics. These tidal forces can influence the rotation of the inner core indirectly by altering the flow of the outer core. The tidal forces stretch and squeeze the Earth, creating bulges that move as the planet rotates. These movements can affect the flow patterns in the outer core, thereby impacting the electromagnetic forces and the rotation of the inner core.

Core-Mantle Boundary Interactions:-

The boundary between the Earth's mantle and outer core, known as the core-mantle boundary (CMB), is not uniform. Variations in topography and composition at the CMB can create complex interactions between the mantle and the outer core. These interactions can influence the flow dynamics of the outer core, generating forces that affect the rotation of the inner core.
For example, irregularities in the CMB can create regions of varying pressure and temperature, which can alter the flow patterns of the molten iron in the outer core. These changes can lead to variations in the electromagnetic forces acting on the inner core, subsequently affecting its rotation speed.
 

Effects of the Slowing Rotation:-

Impact on the Magnetic Field:-

The Earth's magnetic field, generated by the geodynamo effect in the liquid outer core, is significantly influenced by the rotation of the inner core. Changes in the inner core's rotation can alter the flow patterns of molten iron in the outer core, leading to variations in the magnetic field's strength and configuration.
 

1. Weakened Magnetic Field: A slower rotating inner core can result in a weakened magnetic field. This is because the movement of molten iron in the outer core, which generates the magnetic field, is affected by the rotational dynamics of the inner core. A weaker magnetic field reduces the Earth's protection against solar and cosmic radiation. This increased exposure can impact satellite operations, electrical grids, and even the health of astronauts and high-altitude flight crews.
 

2. Magnetic Field Reversals: Historical geological records indicate that the Earth's magnetic field has undergone numerous reversals, where the magnetic north and south poles switch places. Changes in the inner core's rotation could potentially influence the frequency and timing of these magnetic reversals. Such reversals can disrupt animal navigation systems that rely on the magnetic field, such as migratory birds, sea turtles, and certain species of fish.
 

3. Magnetic Anomalies: Variations in the inner core's rotation can create localized magnetic anomalies, areas where the magnetic field is significantly stronger or weaker than average. These anomalies can affect navigation systems, particularly in regions with high magnetic interference. Understanding these anomalies is crucial for improving the accuracy of GPS and other navigation technologies.
 

Geological and Environmental Impacts:-

The differential rotation between the inner core and the mantle creates shear forces and stresses that can affect geological processes on the Earth's surface.
 

1. Tectonic Activity: The interaction between the inner core, outer core, and mantle can generate stresses that influence tectonic activity. Increased shear forces resulting from a slowing inner core could lead to more frequent or more intense earthquakes. For instance, regions located along tectonic plate boundaries, such as the Pacific Ring of Fire, could experience heightened seismic activity.

2. Volcanic Eruptions: The stresses induced by changes in the inner core's rotation can also impact volcanic activity. Variations in the mantle's flow dynamics can influence magma movement, potentially triggering volcanic eruptions. Understanding these interactions is essential for improving volcanic eruption prediction models and mitigating the associated risks.
 

3. Plate Movement: The differential rotation and resulting stresses can affect the movement of tectonic plates. Over long geological timescales, these forces can alter the direction and speed of plate movements, impacting the formation of mountain ranges, ocean basins, and continental drift. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the long-term evolution of the Earth's surface.
 

Changes in Day Length:-

The slowing rotation of the inner core can slightly alter the Earth's overall rotation rate, impacting the length of a day. Although these changes are minimal and imperceptible to humans on short timescales, they can accumulate over geological periods.
 

1. Earth's Rotation Rate: A decelerating inner core contributes to a slight reduction in the Earth's rotation rate, leading to a gradual lengthening of the day. This effect is compounded by other factors, such as tidal interactions with the Moon. Over millions of years, these small changes can significantly impact the distribution of angular momentum within the Earth.
 

2. Impact on Timekeeping: Changes in the Earth's rotation rate can affect precise timekeeping systems, such as atomic clocks and the synchronization of global positioning systems (GPS). Accurate timekeeping is essential for various technological and scientific applications, including satellite navigation, telecommunications, and astronomical observations. Understanding the changes in the Earth's rotation helps in calibrating these systems for enhanced accuracy.

Long-Term Climate Effects:-

The Earth's magnetic field plays a critical role in shielding the planet from solar and cosmic radiation. Variations in the magnetic field strength, driven by changes in the inner core's rotation, can influence long-term climate patterns and atmospheric dynamics.

1. Increased Radiation Exposure: A weaker magnetic field allows more solar and cosmic radiation to reach the Earth's surface. This increased radiation can lead to higher atmospheric ionization levels, impacting weather patterns and climate systems. For example, increased ionization can enhance cloud formation, influencing precipitation patterns and potentially contributing to climate variability.
 

2. Impact on Ozone Layer: Variations in the magnetic field can also affect the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Increased exposure to cosmic radiation can lead to chemical reactions that deplete the ozone layer, increasing the risk of UV radiation reaching the surface. This has implications for human health, agriculture, and ecosystems.

3. Climate Feedback Mechanisms: Changes in the Earth's magnetic field and radiation exposure can interact with existing climate feedback mechanisms. For instance, variations in solar radiation can influence the Earth's energy balance, potentially affecting global temperatures and climate stability. Understanding these feedbacks is crucial for improving climate models and predicting future climate change scenarios.

Insights into Planetary Evolution:-

Studying the behavior of the Earth's inner core provides valuable insights into the processes that shaped our planet and other similar planetary bodies.

1. Understanding Planetary Interiors: The dynamics of the Earth's inner core offer clues about the formation and evolution of other terrestrial planets, such as Mars, Venus, and Mercury. By comparing the Earth's core dynamics with those of other planets, scientists can develop models to understand planetary interiors and their magnetic fields. This knowledge is essential for exploring the habitability and geological history of other planets.

2. Implications for Exoplanetary Studies: Insights gained from studying the Earth's inner core can inform the study of exoplanets, particularly those with similar compositions and structures. Understanding the core dynamics of exoplanets can help scientists assess their potential for generating magnetic fields, which are crucial for protecting planets from stellar radiation and maintaining atmospheres conducive to life.

3. Evolution of Earth's Magnetic Field: The study of the inner core's behavior contributes to our understanding of the long-term evolution of the Earth's magnetic field. This knowledge is essential for reconstructing the planet's geological history, including periods of magnetic reversals and field strength variations. Understanding these historical changes can provide context for current observations and future predictions.
 

The slowing rotation of the Earth's inner core has profound implications for our understanding of the planet's internal dynamics, magnetic field, geological processes, and long-term climate patterns. The discovery challenges existing models and opens new avenues for research, highlighting the complexity and interconnectedness of the Earth's interior systems. Continued investigation into the inner core's behavior will provide valuable insights into the Earth's past, present, and future, informing our understanding of planetary evolution and the broader universe.

Technological and Scientific Advancements for Monitoring the Inner Core:-

Seismic waves from earthquakes are essential for studying the Earth's interior. As these waves travel through different materials inside the Earth, they move at different speeds. By analyzing how fast the waves travel and their paths, scientists can gather information about the Earth's core. Technologies like seismographs and seismic tomography help with this analysis. Global seismic networks, such as the International Seismological Centre (ISC) and the Global Seismographic Network (GSN), continuously collect data from seismometers worldwide, allowing for a detailed understanding of seismic events and how they affect the inner core. Advanced imaging techniques, powered by improved computing, also help create clear models of the Earth's interior, offering a closer look at the structure and behavior of the core. Though we can’t directly access the core, methods like deep drilling and borehole seismology provide valuable data to further our understanding.

In addition to seismic data, geomagnetic monitoring plays a crucial role in studying the Earth's core. The Earth's magnetic field, which is created by the movement of molten iron in the outer core, offers indirect evidence of the core's behavior. Satellites like ESA’s Swarm constellation measure the magnetic field's strength and changes, helping us understand how the geodynamo works and its connection to the inner core. Ground-based observatories also track the magnetic field at specific locations, giving insights into regional anomalies. By combining data from satellites, observatories, and seismic networks, scientists can build comprehensive models of the Earth's interior. Real-time monitoring technologies enable continuous tracking of the Earth's magnetic field and seismic activity, allowing for quick detection of changes in the inner core’s rotation and their possible effects.

Societal Awareness:-

Raising societal awareness and developing appropriate policies are essential for addressing the implications of changes in the Earth's inner core.

1. Public Education and Awareness: Educating the public about the significance of the Earth's inner core and its impact on daily life is crucial. Awareness campaigns can help people understand the potential risks and prepare for changes in the environment and technology. This includes understanding the importance of the magnetic field and its role in protecting the planet .

2. Policy Development: Governments and policymakers need to develop strategies to address the potential impacts of a changing inner core. This includes investing in research and monitoring technologies, enhancing infrastructure resilience, and developing emergency preparedness plans. Collaborative international efforts are also necessary to share data and resources for global benefit .

3. Research Funding and Collaboration: Continued funding for research on the Earth's inner core and its dynamics is essential. Collaborative efforts between scientific institutions, governments, and private sectors can accelerate advancements in this field. Interdisciplinary research that integrates geophysics, geology, and environmental science can provide comprehensive solutions to the challenges posed by a slowing inner core .
 

Conclusion and Future Perspectives:

The recent study on the Earth's inner core rotation has helped us understand more about the planet's behavior. It shows that the inner core’s rotation is slowing down compared to the Earth’s surface, which could have an impact on the planet’s magnetic field and how it changes over time. This slowing may be linked to changes in the heat flow between the inner and outer core, affecting the patterns that drive the geodynamo, the process that creates the Earth's magnetic field. As the inner core slows down, it could change the way the inner and outer core interact, possibly affecting the strength and direction of the magnetic field.

These findings are important for understanding the Earth’s internal structure and how its magnetic field works. By studying the connection between the inner core’s rotation and the magnetic field, scientists can learn more about the Earth’s heat and chemical changes, which helps us understand what conditions are needed for life on Earth and other planets. The methods used to study the Earth’s core can also be used to learn about the internal structure of other planets like the Moon, Mars, and even distant exoplanets. In conclusion, the study of the Earth's slowing inner core is a fascinating area of research that could lead to many new discoveries. As we continue to learn more about the Earth's interior, we can expect even more exciting findings in the future.

References:-

1. Smithsonian Magazine. (2024). Earth's Inner Core May Be Slowing Its Spin.

2. USC News. (2024). USC Study Confirms the Rotation of Earth’s Inner Core Has Slowed.

3. SciTechDaily. (2024). Inescapable Conclusion: USC Researchers Prove Earth’s Core Is Losing Speed.

4. Nature. (2024). Earth’s Inner Core Rotation Dynamics.

5. ESA's Swarm Mission. Swarm Constellation.

6. International Seismological Centre (ISC). Global Seismic Network.

7. American Geophysical Union (AGU). Geophysical Research Letters.

8. Geophysical Journal International. Core Dynamics and Geomagnetism.

9. Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth.

10. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Inner Core Dynamics.

The Aurora or the Polar Lights

The AURORA or we also Known as a "The Polar Lights", The Northern Light (Aurora Borealis) or The Southern Light (Aurora Australis) are one of most beautiful displays of nature. Apart from these, "Black Aurora or Anti-Aurora", "Electron Aurora", "Proton Aurora", etc.... are also.. If this is done in depth study then this topic is quite big but i'm just giving an overview of them. So.....There are mainly two types of aurora :-

1. Diffuse Aurora.
2. Discrete Aurora.

 Other planets have their own aurora but in this article I'm just writing about Earth's Aurora. In ancient times, people thought that the spirits of their ancestors can be seen dancing within the light of the aurora. In Norse Mythology the Vikings believed that the aurora was a bridges of fire to the Asgard and other says they're the light reflected of the Valkyrie's shields and people in Finland thought it was the Archangel Michael and John Travolta fighting with the Devil. And many other kinds of superstitions were spread out But they're all wrong and myths, They are actually caused by The SUN. First of all Galileo Galilei gave the Northern Lights their name "The Aurora Borealis" which is a Latin name and which mean "Dawn of the north" But he couldn't tell the reason behind this phenomenon. But in 1896 a Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland explain the reason behind this why does it happen. Well as we know that....our sun is a gigantic massive ball of "Plasma", and every once in a while it kicks up a bit of a Solar storm., and the Sun generates its energy by nuclear fusion of "H"-nuclei into "He", using the process of nuclear fusion .the sun is able to turn small amount of matter into a enormous quantities of energy .It's how the sun has managed to keep producing energy for billions of years without running out of fuel. This plasma around the sun generates huge magnetic fields. The magnetic field is forced outwards into space at great speeds, taking extremely hot gases and charged particles with it, this is known as a "Solar Flare" and they can be witnessed on the sun's surface as a very bright spot followed by a cloud of gas .When  a very large solar flair occurs containing a significantly huge amount of energy ,it referred to as a "Corona Mass Ejection", or "CME" for short.

Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)

The gas clouds produced by a CME can sometimes be larger then the sun itself, its doesn't stop charged particles ejected from the sun continue to travel outwards through space over enormous distances, After traveling through space  for almost two days they will reach on earth ,this is known as the "Solar Wind" and it can be extremely dangerous ,if a CME were hit our planet earth it could the extinction of the all races on the earth including humans. now that  a question is striking in your mind ,"why hasn't it".....well the solar wind regularly hit earth ,often ,but  we have a defense system to protects us from the huge bombardment of the son, earth produce its own magnetic field because at the earth's core is a ball of solid iron ,the heat of this iron turns the surrounding outer core into flowing liquid iron the movement of this outer liquid core produces a magnetic fields, this protective barrier is called the "Earth's Magnetosphere"  and it extends more then 600,000 kilometers (370,000 miles) from Earth which protect us from all sorts of HARSH Forces (not my friend Harsh vardhan because this disaster being is damn awesome ) that come from far away in space including solar flares. Most of the Sun's solar winds simply bounce off the earth's magnetosphere when it reaches us however the magnetosphere has two weak spots,at south pole and north pole thats why very small percentage of charged  particles that come from the sun, and enter in earth's atmosphere via the two weak spots. When this happens the electrons in solar wind collide with oxygen & nitrogen in the atmosphere. During this, energy is transferred from the solar wind to nitrogen and oxygen atoms and raised it up from there normal state to exciting state ,when it's happen atom's electron move into an orbit further away from the nucleus. These newly exited atoms release their energy to return their normal state, atoms release their energy in the form of photons which we see as the light which we call Aurora. Different elements gives different color for example; Ionized nitrogen will produce Blue color, whereas neutral nitrogen molecules produce Purple-Red color and oxygen molecules cause the Green color and oxygen atoms cause the red color  displays. simply... the color of emission line spectra depends on the chemical composition, and each type of atom produces its own unique color. and even, it is also produce sounds, there are generally two types of sound the first one is swishing sound that change with movement in that auroral display and the second one is crackling sound, like static electricity makes.

Relation between Black hole,White hole & Wormhole and What are these

Technically any object whose radius is smaller than its Schwarzschild Radius is called a "Black Hole" and Every galaxy has a super massive black hole at the center of it, The closest super massive black hole to Earth is about 27000 light year away in the center of our galaxy. It's name is " Sagittarius A* " (Coordinates: RA 1h 11m 3s | Dec -29° 0′ 28″) ..... when a star runs out of fuel and it can no longer keep itself hot enough, it collapse to a single ,smallest point, which known as a "Singularity" . And it's outer surface generally called the "Event horizon", this is a place between Singularity & Space . According to Professor Kip Thorne (California Institute of Technology)-"Event Horizon is not made of matter, it's just a unique location, where gravity is become so strong and just inside them that nothing can escape".Because a black hole is an object which escape velocity is more then the speed of light if we wanna make a black hole we must have the any mass equal or above to Planck Mass, because smallest mass of a black hole is approximately the Planck Mass. simply we can say that when a star dies, it become a Gravitational Ghost, called "The Black Hole". A Black hole not actually a hole and it doesn't suck anything, because suction is caused by pulling something into a vacuum. According to the NASA scientists a black hole is a place where Gravity pulls so much that even light  can't get out, So we can't able to see a black hole. According to the Einstein's theory of General Relativity, Space-time fabric is like a rubber sheet not a solid surface and Gravitational Field bends the space-time fabric.But, In my opinion, Our sensory existence is limited to the three dimensions that's why space-time is almost impossible to inspect or observe and a black hole is actually an absence of space-time because according to the Einstein theory, gravity causes displacement of space-time..! so absence of space time must be pure gravity.This enormous gravity of black hole is due to the density of it. because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. In this sense when light comes behind a black hole then it's outstandingly distorted this effect called "Gravitational Lensing"

"Gravitational Lensing"

Mainly there are three type of black holes on the basis of there size :-

1. The first type is a tiny one it may be as small as just one atom, called "Primordial Black Hole" or "PBH" for short. They have extremely small Schwarzschild Radius and its density at the size would be so high. Therefore scientists say that they born in the beginning of our universe(During BIG BANG) when the density was extremely high.
2. The second one is called "Stellar Black Hole" or "SBH", Which have about 20 times of solar mass. They have about 10¹⁸ kg/m³ of density and they are much bigger then a PBH. That's why they have bigger Schwarzschild Radius and less density then a PBH. They born when a star die or two neutron star collides.
3. The third one is called "The Super Massive Black Hole " or "SMBH" these type of black holes are the largest black holes. It have mass about one million times of solar mass but comparatively they have lower density and high Schwarzschild Radius then SBH. They lurk in the heart of galaxies. For example :- "Galaxy NGC4889" have a SMBH in the center of it..... which have up to 21 billion of solar mass. 

and some other types of black hole are; Charged Black Holes, Virtual Black Holes, Kugelblits Black Hole, Naked Singularity, Spinning Black Holes & Non-spinning Black Holes.

• Charged Black Holes:- As the name gives information about it. A charged black hole have enormous amount of electric charge. They have two Horizon (1). Event Horizon. (2). Couchy Horizon.
• Virtual Black Hole :- These black holes are temporary. And they born as a fluctuation of quantum space time.
• Kugelblits Black Hole :- A Kugelblits Black Hole created by the collapsing of photons and this is the hottest thing in the universe.
• Naked Singularity :-This is a Gravitational singularity without an Event Horizon and technically it is observable.
• Spinning or Rotating Black Hole:-They also known as "Kerr black hole". We know that singularity is a infinite small point of a black hole, with no surface area.

  

  A Spinning Black Hole

   But rotating singularity can't be a point because point can't rotate, So....... as an alternative it's have shape of ring. We can say it a "Ringularity", which containing all the mass of the black hole. Just like singularity , ringularity also have no surface area and zero thickness. A ringularity creates a new region of space-time, called "Ergosphere".Ergosphere surrounds black hole in the center of it. In another words , Ergosphere is just like a sheathe, which covers the black hole. These type of black holes has Two surfaces of horizon, (1) Event Horizon (Outer Surface) (2) Couchy Horizon(Inner surface). And these Horizons are Topologically (Not Geometrically) spherical because these surfaces continuously formed and deformed.
    

  

  Spinning Black Hole's Diagram

  
  According to the Ricci Scalar (Scalar curvature) The curvature of the inner horizon is always negative throughout poles. But the curvature of Outer Horizon at the poles is negative but curvature of the equator is positive. It is assumed Spinning black hole transfers it's own kinetic energy in the form of rotation. So when we give some mass energy, it gives us some rotational energy. . To understand this concept let's take a example, When an object enters in a whirlpool, so the whirlpool pulls it inside it....... but not directly, it is sucked through spinning water current ,in this rotating area water current pulls that thing towards the water's direction. On the basis of this fact "Roger Penrose" theorized a creepy mechanism to extract this Rotational energy from a Spinning Black Hole, called "Penrose Mechanism". And another important theory is "Blandford-Znajek Process" , Theorized by "Roger Blandford" and "Roman Znajek" in 1977, in this process the concept of Horizon surface is replaced with the concept of Electromagnetic Active medium. 
• Non-Spinning or Non-Rotating Black Hole :-They also known as a Stationary Black Hole or Schwarzschild Black Hole. They would have to be created with material, having no angular momentum. But Non Rotating Black Hole are not likely to actually happen.
  
  In my opinion may be these are also rotate with a negligible speed of momentum or almost zero angular momentum.
  

But the shocking fact is the average density of a black hole can be lower then the water because black hole surrounds Singularity at the center of it. Everything that has ever fallen into the black hole is destroyed at the singularity. Black holes radiate there mass away as a radiation called "Hawking Radiation", but this process extremely slow, and this process happening constantly .the more the black hole loses the mass, the hotter it become and the faster it evaporates until they have a "Hawking Temperature". The peak wavelength of this radiation is nearly 16 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole..Everything that falls into the black hole is stored on its event horizon , So.......according to the Hologram theory , black hole is a hologram because everything inside is encoded on its event horizon but a person who fall inside a black hole wouldn't reading that they're encoded on a flat surfaces.

 Recently, two neutron star collided 130 million years ago and this greatest event was detected by LIGO-VIRGO. this observation done on August 17 , 2017 at 08:11 AM even this is a solid proof of a kilonova, A precious metal which can make Earth's of gold silver platinum ...etc. LIGO data revealed that the object created by the neutron-star merger is about 2.7 times the mass of the sun. It is therefore  either the lowest-mass black hole ever identified. This video is first LIGO/Virgo detection of a binary neutron star merger (GW170817).

 

WHAT HAPPENS  WHEN SOMETHING FALL IN A BLACK HOLE:-

Imagine when a person or for example my friend "Junaid Ahmed" wanna  go to the another galaxy but he accidentally get closer to the black hole's  gravitational area he get sucked into it with the speed of light instead, he experience his further journey become...slower, slower and slower until he reach  the event horizon. During this he would look as if the black hole diminishingly  away from him, Because his field of view would highly increased, in this sense..... Junaid would able to see almost everything behind him and suddenly he would see the black hole just front of his eyes. After that he become increasingly red shifted. After it the closer he get to the singularity the more power of gravity he experience ,this effect called "Tidal Force" and which body part are closer to the black hole, would be pulled more strongly to the singularity in this consequence the entire body of my friend would be stretched towards the singularity this process known as "Spatighittification". During Spatighittification effect which caused by tidal force every molecule of the body would be stretched until they torn apart. During this my friend who is almost 6 feet guy, become 600 feet or may be more taller for a moment.

WHEN TWO BLACK HOLES COLLIDE :-

The Galaxy NGC 6240 has two super massive black holes at the center of it. Scientists believe that one day these black holes may very well collide with each other.

the collision of two black holes is such a rare and the disastrous event. there's basically two possible results.which possibility depends on the speed at which the two black holes are traveling. If the two black holes are spinning at extremely high speed and come together at just the right angle, the smaller black hole will be catapulted away from the bigger black hole. But the second one is more likely outcome is that they will slowly come closer and closer together, until they become collapsed. this scenario would be incredible. After that the resulting black hole is known as a "Binary Black Hole". as the two black hole start to merge they would appear to be distorted mass of matter. But as they come closer together the resulting black holes through a process known as "Ring-Down".this is when any distortion in the shape is slowly deformed and the new binary black holes becomes more circular. until any asymmetry is lost and the black hole, become larger then ever before. The energy emitted from the collision would be incredible..... it would spread ripples through the space-time fabric of the universe. these ripples are are known as "Gravitational Waves".

Check this out; GW170814

                                                             Two Black Holes Colliding Signals detected by LIGO

THE WORMHOLE:-

The Wormholes were theorized by "Einstein" and "Nathan Rosen" ,as part of  theory of general relativity.they also called "Einstein-Rosen Bridges".And are thought of as holes through space-time fabric.Simply........Wormhole is a shortcut of two opening at different points in space-time with an invisible tunnel between the two points. Many scientist believe that, Its one end is a black hole and other on is a white hole and this is a way of Multiverse . One Russian researcher believe that he could spot them with a radio telescope .....but until now, it's never been done.Even scientists of "Autonomous University of Barcelona" have created a "magnetic wormhole", that transfer the magnetic field through an extra spacial dimension. This Magnetic Wormhole Made by "Metamaterial" but this isn't space-time wormhole.but they are a similar concept. Space-time wormhole are manipulation of gravitational force, and magnetic wormholes are manipulating electromagnetic force. this is possible by using metamaterials the scientists were able to create a tunnel using metamaterials .while normal space-time wormhole connect two points in this or other universe through an unseen bridge but this wormhole connect two magnetic fields through an unseen bridge!........A normal magnet has two poles ,north and south pole and they are opposed ,with a magnetic fields connecting them . In this case the Magnetic wormholes separates the poles and singling them out, and Creates a monopole but researcher can't tell where the magnetic field connects those monopole and this device makes a monopole into existence with no detectable connection to that pole on the other sides they hide a magnetic field's distortion from the outside by using metamaterials. through a magnetic wormhole we couldn't send physical matter but we could send magnetic wave from one point to another point. Like this, Scientists was also created a "Dumb-Hole", which theory was proposed by "William Unruh In 1981". A Dumb hole doesn't allow sound to escape. It's also called a Sonic Black Hole or Acoustic Black Hole.  

In 2006 

Mohd. Mansouryar

Iranian Physicist "Mohd. Mansouryar" was claimed to that he creates a nano sized wormhole and his theoretical wormhole would exist on Planck scale and he believe, He could build a ring of several of them with the space in between collapsing and forming a larger wormhole. But for the creation of this we required The "Exotic Matter" which have the negative mass. Because positive mass is attractive because of gravity but negative mass would be repulsive, and it's make a kind of anti-gravity . Because experts thinks that The Exotic Matter must deploy extreme pressure to neutralize the gravitational force and push space-time open, in another words this kind of matter use to stabilize the wormhole.

THE WHITE HOLE:-

A White Hole

this is just opposites of black holes they force out light and matter and prevent it from entering whereas black holes devour light and matter and prevent it from escaping. some expert even say that the Big Bang itself was a "White Hole". In this sense we could be living in a black hole. We think that white holes and black holes might be entrance of a Wormhole. when something fall in a black hole , scientists call it "information". According to the Low Of "Conservation of Mass" it can't be created and destroyed, it can only change into the other form. So in the black hole, all physical states convert into the same state , this is called "The Black Hole Information Paradox", which is the resulting from the combination of Quantum Mechanic and General Relativity. And this information would be locked in to the Singularity of the Black hole for the infinite time. So the black hole can turns into the "White hole". And this newly born White Hole spews out all the Information. But this topic is controversial because according to the Hawking Radiation Theory, which I have already mentioned. So there is still debating in the physics community about this. In 2006 an extraordinary long lasting Gama Rey burst was observed which was 102 second long. But there was no Any other known cosmic event. The scientist who observed this event said "This is brand new Territory and we have no theories to guide us". but after that in 2011 scientists had said that this Gama burst was come from a White hole which was popping out into existence for 102 seconds and then disappeared .